A study of the graduates of health economics masters programs in Spain / Estudio de los egresados de los programas de máster en economía de la salud en España

Objective: To identify the characteristics, motivations and employment implications among graduates of Masters programmes in health-economics (MPHE). Method: The most renowned MPHE in Spain were contacted to assist in this research study. Participants submitted an online survey comprising 30 items designed specifically for the purpose. Our sample consisted of 439 graduates. Different statistical analysis, including a logistic model, were performed to describe the sample. Results: The main motivation for undertaking an MPHE is academic, and to acquire new or enhance previous knowledge. The general profile of graduates is that of a woman aged 37.8 and a health professional. Those looking for a job in Health Economics generally found employment in the first (54.9%) or second year (29.7%). MPHE were very highly assessed. The most useful subject was health management (46.3%). Conclusions: Undertaking an MPHE is a good investment because most of the graduates believed that their training enabled them to find a job. The graduates showed a high degree of confidence in the usefulness of the training. MPHE are highly evaluated irrespective of consequent employment. The subjects in which the curriculum vitae of the health professionals were weaker, such as those concerning management, were evaluated the highest as they were assumed to enhance promotion opportunities

Objetivo: Identificar las características, las motivaciones y las implicaciones laborales que aparecen entre los egresados de programas de máster en economía de la salud (PMES). Método: Se solicitó colaboración a los másteres más relevantes de España para esta investigación. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario on line de 30 ítems específicamente diseñado para este propósito. La muestra estuvo formada por 439 egresados. Se realizaron diferentes análisis estadísticos, incluyendo modelos logísticos. Resultados: La principal motivación para hacer un PMES es la académica. Las personas lo hacen con el fin de adquirir nueva formación o mejorar conocimientos previos. El perfil general de egresado es el de una mujer de 37,8 años, profesional sanitaria. Las personas que buscaban trabajo en economía de la salud lo encontraron principalmente en el primer (54,9%) o segundo (29,7%) año. La valoración de los PMES es muy elevada. La materia más útil fue gestión sanitaria (46,3%). Conclusiones: Hacer un PMES es una buena inversión porque la mayoría de los egresados consideran que obtuvieron un empleo gracias a su formación. Los graduados muestran un alto grado de confianza en la utilidad de la formación. Los PMES son altamente valorados independientemente de las consecuencias laborales. Las materias en las que los curricula vitae de los sanitarios son más débiles, como las relativas a gestión, son las mejor valoradas, ya que suponen mejores oportunidades de promoción

The opportunity costs of caring for people with dementia in Southern Spain / Costes de oportunidad del cuidado de personas con demencia en el sur de España

Objective: The aim of this paper is to study the opportunity costs (OC) that are involved in being a caregiver and to compare them with the direct costs assumed by the State and the families. We evaluate direct cost (those that imply a payment-out-of-pocket) and indirect cost (those that imply a dedication in time). We hypothesized that costs increase with the severity of the dementia, with the educational level and active occupational situation of caregiver. They are greater if the caregiver is male, but if the patient and caregiver cohabit they are reduced. Method: 778 surveys were analyzed. Data was collected using a questionnaire specifically designed for the purpose, with the collaboration of Alzheimer's Diseases Associations in Andalusia (Spain). For the indirect cost, we used the reveal preferences method. For the comparison between groups an ANOVA and a MANOVA was done. Results: The hypotheses were confirmed. The OC exponentially increases with severity. More than 55% of costs are assumed by families. Occupied people have higher educational level and incomes and contract more external support. Costs are significantly higher for male caregivers. Cohabiting reduces all kinds of costs. Conclusions: The relationship between educational level and employment situation lead to think that if these variables are greater more people will seek professional support. Cultural reasons still maintain women as main caregivers for all educational levels. The existence of these informal caregivers as the main care providers is a saving for the State, and a brake for the development of professional supply

Objetivo: Estudiar los costes de oportunidad de ser cuidador, y comparar los costes directos asumidos por el Estado y las familias. Evaluamos los costes directos (los que suponen desembolso) e indirectos (los que suponen dedicación en tiempo). Planteamos la hipótesis acerca de que los costes se incrementan con la gravedad de la demencia, con el nivel educativo y con la situación laboralmente activa del cuidador. Dichos costes son superiores si el cuidador es varón, y se reducen con la convivencia. Método: Se analizaron 778 cuestionarios. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un cuestionario específicamente diseñado para este fin, contando con la colaboración de las asociaciones de Alzheimer de Andalucía (España). Para el estudio de los costes indirectos se usó el método de preferencias reveladas. Para la comparación de grupos se realizó ANOVA y MANOVA. Resultados: Las hipótesis se confirmaron. Los costes de oportunidad se incrementan exponencialmente con la gravedad. Más del 55% de los costes son asumidos por las familias. Los ocupados tienen un mayor grado de formación e ingresos y contratan más apoyo externo. Los costes son significativamente superiores para cuidadores varones. La convivencia reduce todos los tipos de costes. Conclusión: La relación entre el nivel educativo y el empleo lleva a pensar que, si estas variables crecen, un mayor número de personas buscará apoyo profesional. Las razones culturales mantienen a las mujeres como cuidadoras principales, independientemente del nivel formativo. La existencia de estos cuidadores informales como principales proveedores de cuidados suponen un ahorro para el Estado y un freno para el desarrollo de la oferta profesional

The opportunity costs of caring for people with dementia in Southern Spain.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to study the opportunity costs (OC) that are involved in being a caregiver and to compare them with the direct costs assumed by the State and the families. We evaluate direct cost (those that imply a payment-out-of-pocket) and indirect cost (those that imply a dedication in time). We hypothesized that costs increase with the severity of the dementia, with the educational level and active occupational situation of caregiver. They are greater if the caregiver is male, but if the patient and caregiver cohabit they are reduced. METHOD: 778 surveys were analyzed. Data was collected using a questionnaire specifically designed for the purpose, with the collaboration of Alzheimer's Diseases Associations in Andalusia (Spain). For the indirect cost, we used the reveal preferences method. For the comparison between groups an ANOVA and a MANOVA was done. RESULTS: The hypotheses were confirmed. The OC exponentially increases with severity. More than 55% of costs are assumed by families. Occupied people have higher educational level and incomes and contract more external support. Costs are significantly higher for male caregivers. Cohabiting reduces all kinds of costs. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between educational level and employment situation lead to think that if these variables are greater more people will seek professional support. Cultural reasons still maintain women as main caregivers for all educational levels. The existence of these informal caregivers as the main care providers is a saving for the State, and a brake for the development of professional supply.

A study of the graduates of health economics masters programs in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics, motivations and employment implications among graduates of Masters programmes in health-economics (MPHE). METHOD: The most renowned MPHE in Spain were contacted to assist in this research study. Participants submitted an online survey comprising 30 items designed specifically for the purpose. Our sample consisted of 439 graduates. Different statistical analysis, including a logistic model, were performed to describe the sample. RESULTS: The main motivation for undertaking an MPHE is academic, and to acquire new or enhance previous knowledge. The general profile of graduates is that of a woman aged 37.8 and a health professional. Those looking for a job in Health Economics generally found employment in the first (54.9%) or second year (29.7%). MPHE were very highly assessed. The most useful subject was health management (46.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Undertaking an MPHE is a good investment because most of the graduates believed that their training enabled them to find a job. The graduates showed a high degree of confidence in the usefulness of the training. MPHE are highly evaluated irrespective of consequent employment. The subjects in which the curriculum vitae of the health professionals were weaker, such as those concerning management, were evaluated the highest as they were assumed to enhance promotion opportunities.

Másteres en economía de la salud en España. Una formación útil y bien valorada / Masters in health economics in Spain. Highly valued and useful training

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Profiles of Alzheimer's caregivers in Spain: social, educational and laboral characteristics.

BACKGROUND: A person suffering from dementia needs increasing help from another person, who, in most cases, is a female family member. Times are changing and this traditional role can no longer be maintained. AIM: The aim of this research was mainly centred on ascertaining the profile of caregivers and to find out how determinants such as age, sex and educational level and living conditions led people to assume that role. METHODS: A survey was designed and applied to 925 caregivers (778 of which were analysed) with the collaboration of the Alzheimer's Associations of Andalucía (Spain). Associations gave their ethical approbation for this research prior to the beginning and they informed their members. The participation was entirely voluntary, and caregivers were given the option to withdraw consent. RESULTS: Women are the main caregivers in any kind of profile. Males become carers if they are old and the partner of a patient. Males use more external services. Cohabiting and working outside the home increase the use of external support services, and having a higher level of education increases the use of nursing homes. Younger caregivers perceive more intense socio-economic consequences than the general profile. CONCLUSIONS: Being a caregiver implies limitations to entering the job market and for job promotion. There is a generational gap in the caregiver profile, and more and new support services will be needed. Policymakers should take those into account.

La opinión de las personas egresadas sobre la utilidad de la formación en gerontología / Graduates’ opinions on the utility of training in gerontology

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¿Realmente el sexo afecta a las características socioeconómicas del cuidador principal en la enfermedad de Alzheimer? / Does gender really affect the socio-economic characteristics of the primary caregiver in Alzheimer's disease?

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